Too much or too little caster    
         Bent or twisted axel          
         Bent spindle
         Eccentric or unbalanced wheels
         Low or unequal pressure in tires
         Worn bearings
         Worn king pins or bushing

Hard Turning

         Too much caster
         Tight or bent spindle
         Sagging springs
         Low of unequal pressure in tires
         Tight steering assembly

Loose Steering

         Play in steering assembly
         Loose wheels
         Worn king pins or bushings
         Worn bearings

Wander or Weave

         Too little caster
         Play in steering assembly
         Worn king pins or bushings
         Worn bearings
         Bent spindle
         Loose wheels
         Tight steering assembly

                   Play or bind in steering assembly
               Sagging springs
               Drag link out of line
               Bent spindle
               Loose wheels

    Scuffed Tires

               Wrong pitch
               Wrong toe-in
               Worn king pins or bushings
               Worn bearings
               Swung front or rear end
               Bent spindle or rear axel
               Bent or twisted axels

     Wear on Shoulders of Tire Tread

               Wrong pitch
               Bent spindle
               Bent axel

     Spotty Tire Wear

               Bellied wheels
               Dragging brake drums
               Eccentric or unbalanced wheels

     Pitted or Cupped Tires

               Too much or too little caster
               Bent or twisted axel
               Bent spindle
               Worn king pins or bushings
               Worn bearings

  Front End Alignment Specifications  

Pitch

     All pitch and toe-in specifications are shown above from tire center to tire center. 

Toe-in

    To aid in steering the front wheels should "toe-in"; that is, the distance between the inside faces of the wheel felloes, measured at the height of the wheel hubs, should be from 0 to 1/8 inch more at the rear than the front for model year 1929 as example. This causes the wheels to grip the road better and allows the car or truck to hold its course without undue action on the steering mechanism.

Binding

     Use the steering wheel to swing the front wheels from side to side. They should swing freely as far to the left as to the right. If any binding is found disconnect the drag link from the steering knuckle arm, and you can easily tell whether the binding  is in the king bolts or in the steering post.

Bushing and Bearings

     Pushing in and out on the top of the front wheel shows the amount of looseness or play in bushings and bearings. Wheels should turn free and easy, too much play must not be permitted.

Spindle Arms

     Spindle arms, at their ball pivot end (where they engage the tie rod) must be the same distance from the wheels.

Caster

     Caster is the backward tilt of the axle. Too much caster causes hard steering. Too little caster causes wandering. Wrong caster and twisted axles are a frequent cause of gouging, cupping, pitting and uneven wear in tires.

Bellied Wheels

     With a fixed object located near hub rim rotate wheel and check for any variations. Any
variation from true will indicate a bent, warped or bellied wheel. A crooked wheel may cause shimmy, hard steering. or spotty tire wear. Remedy replace with new rim.

Eccentricity

     On a level area jack up the front end with two jacks so that both front tires are half an inch from the floor. With a fixed straight object located from the hub to the outer rim rotate wheel. If the rim is warped or not straight on the wheel it will be readily shown by a changing distance between the rim and the hub.

Slipped Axles

     To make sure that axles are in their correct position on the spring saddle, take a straight edge and compare the distance on each side from the spring bolt or shackle to the axle. These measurements will be an even distance on each side for both front and rear springs.

Spring Sag

     Taking a straight edge measure from the center of the spring to the nearest point on the chassis. If this is not practical lay a straight edge so that it rests on the two eye bolts of the spring and measure from the spring center to the nearest point on the straight edge. Both front and rear springs should measure the same. Excessive sag will not only effect riding quality but steering angles and cause hard steering and shimmy. Uneven sag throws the car off balance bringing too much weight on one wheel.